In, two mini cameras and two medium-sized processing boards are used to simultaneously track the pupil and the user’s view, allowing an absolute pointer control on the computer screen. It uses a very complex hardware to detect the pupil by a simple gray level segmentation of infrared images. In, three cameras and an external computer are used to simultaneously track the eye and the relative orientation of the head-mounted structure. Several head-mounted eye-tracking devices have been proposed in the literature. They are less expensive but not low-cost (> $2,000) because of the camera’s quality and the customised software. The head-mounted devices are mostly based on a custom structure holding a small intrusive low-resolution camera in front of the user’s face. Examples of remote pupil gaze devices on the market are which are expensive (> $6,000) due to the high-resolution camera, the lenses, and the dedicated illumination system cost. The remote devices are mainly based on the application of different eye gaze algorithms to the image acquired by a fixed high-resolution camera, usually attached to the computer screen. Commercial devices to achieve the inclusion of these people to the communications technology (ICTs) are available, although most of them have several drawbacks related to software compatibility, limitation in computer interaction, and complex configuration and calibration or are highly intrusive and not affordable due to their complexity and low prospective market.įocusing on the eye-controlled devices, they can be classified into two main groups: remote and head-mounted. Nevertheless, there are people with such severe disability that they cannot move any extremity, neck, or head and are only able to interact with computer devices using their eyes, eyebrows, tongue, mouth, breath, or brain activity. These are mainly based on the detection and measurement of such remaining body motions as facial gestures, mouth movement, head movements, eye tracking, sticker tracking, breath, tongue displacements, or a combination of them. Several alternatives have been proposed to allow people with mobility impairments in the upper extremities to control the computer pointer. All of these require some physical interaction moving some extremities of the user’s body like fingers, hands, or forearms to operate properly. The screen pointer is usually controlled using standard devices such as computer mice, touchpads, joysticks, pens, or tactile screen panels. Nowadays, the most widely used human-computer interaction is a graphic pointer that is displaced across the screen of a display peripheral. Several performance tests were done with different volunteer users obtaining an average pupil detection error of 0.34 pixels with a successful detection in 82.6% of all mouse events requested by means of pupil tracking. This new device approach is aimed at improving comfortability and portability of the current commercial devices with simple installation and calibration. It uses the human interface device (HID) standard class of the universal serial bus (USB) increasing its compatibility for most computer platforms. The presented pointing device performs standard computer mouse actions with no extra software required. This proposal introduces an inexpensive and approachable plug and play (PnP) device for people with severe disability in the upper extremities, neck, and head. A complementary 8-bit microcontroller is used to acquire and process these images with two optimized algorithms to detect forced eye blinks and pupil displacements which are translated to computer pointer actions. The default optical mouse sensor lens and illumination source are replaced in order to improve its field of view and capture entire eye images. The optical mouse is used as a main low-cost infrared vision system of a new proposal of a head-mounted human-computer interaction (HCI) device controlled by eye movements. In this paper, a new application of the optical mouse sensor is presented.
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